Psalm 7 → 31
Reasoning: 11392 Output: 7672 Total: 19064
Argument
Here are lines of argument you could use to read Psalm 31 as a deliberate “follow‑on” from Psalm 7. I’ve grouped them by type of evidence and weighted them (strongest first) according to your criteria: rarer/more-specific items and identical forms count most; looser thematic echoes count least. A) Identical or near-identical Hebrew formulas (very strong) - Identical trust formula: בך… חסיתי - Ps 7:2 יְהוָה אֱלֹהַי בְּךָ חָסִיתִי - Ps 31:2 בְּךָ יְהוָה חָסִיתִי Exactly the same verb, person, preposition, and word order core. This is a signature link. - Repeated paired deliverance verbs—הושיע/הציל in imperative to YHWH - Ps 7:2 הוֹשִׁיעֵנִי … וְהַצִּילֵנִי - Ps 31:2 מְהֵרָה הַצִּילֵנִי … לְהוֹשִׁיעֵנִי; 31:17 הוֹשִׁיעֵנִי Same roots, same person/suffixes, and the collocation occurs in the opening plea of both psalms. - Same enemy terms with first‑person suffixes - רֹדְפַי: Ps 7:2; Ps 31:16 - צוֹרְרַי/צוֹרְרִי: Ps 7:5, 7; Ps 31:10 The exact roots and grammatical forms recur (participial enemy terms with 1cs suffix), anchoring the same kind of crisis. - The righteous–wicked polarity with matching lexemes - צַדִּיק/רְשָׁעִים: Ps 7:10–12; Ps 31:18–19 - שֶׁקֶר: Ps 7:15 וְיָלַד שָׁקֶר; Ps 31:19 שִׂפְתֵי שָׁקֶר The same moral vocabulary and even the noun “falsehood” appear in both; in 31 the “shȧqer” becomes the mouths that attack the righteous. B) The “words/slander” dossier—an explicit thematic carry‑over from the title of Psalm 7 (strong) - Psalm 7’s superscription frames the crisis as “עַל־דִּבְרֵי־כוּשׁ בֶּן־יְמִינִי” (about the words of Cush the Benjaminite). - Psalm 31 intensifies the very “words” motif: - 31:14 דִּבַּת רַבִּים “the slander/whisper of many” - 31:19 שִׂפְתֵי שָׁקֶר “lying lips” - 31:21 מֵרִיב לְשׁוֹנוֹת “strife of tongues” - 31:12 I became a חֶרְפָּה “reproach” to my enemies and even neighbors So 31 looks like an expansion of the situation implied by 7’s heading: hostile discourse morphs into public slander, coordinated plotting, and verbal litigation. That is exactly the kind of development one would expect if 31 is the sequel. C) Legal/judicial logic and its development (strong) - Judge me vs. save me in your righteousness: - Ps 7:9 שָׁפְטֵנִי יְהוָה כְּצִדְקִי וּכְתֻמִּי “Judge me… according to my righteousness and integrity” - Ps 31:2 בְּצִדְקָתְךָ פַּלְּטֵנִי “Deliver me in your righteousness” The axis “צדק/צדקה” is retained but shifts from self‑vindication to reliance on God’s righteousness. That’s a plausible theological progression from an initial plea of innocence (Ps 7) to deeper dependence on divine character (Ps 31). - Retributive justice in both: - Ps 7:16–17 the pit the wicked dig swallows them; their חָמָס “violence” returns on their own head. - Ps 31:18–19 יֵבֹשׁוּ רְשָׁעִים … תֵּאָלַמְנָה שִׂפְתֵי שָׁקֶר; and 31:24 וּמְשַׁלֵּם עַל־יֶתֶר עֹשֵׂה גַּאֲוָה The same moral geometry—YHWH overturns the wicked—continues, now with the silencing of slanderous lips and an explicit “repays” formula. D) “Hands” motif—clean hands to God’s hand (strong, elegant) - Ps 7:4 “אִם־יֵשׁ עָוֶל בְּכַפָּי” (“if there is wrong in my hands”)—oath of innocence focused on “my hands.” - Ps 31:6 “בְּיָדְךָ אַפְקִיד רוּחִי”; 31:9 “לֹא הִסְגַּרְתַּנִי בְּיַד־אוֹיֵב”; 31:16 “בְּיָדְךָ עִתֹּתַי … מִיַּד־אוֹיְבַי” The locus of control moves from the integrity of “my hands” in Ps 7 to entrusting oneself to God’s hand and being kept from the enemy’s hand in Ps 31. That reads naturally as narrative-theological advancement. E) Threat and rescue imagery—physical mauling to siege/snares, then safe space (moderate–strong) - Predatory/trap danger in both, with development: - Ps 7:3 “יִטְרֹף כְּאַרְיֵה נַפְשִׁי”; 7:16 “בּוֹר כָּרָה … וַיִּפֹּל בְּשַׁחַת” - Ps 31:5 “תּוֹצִיאֵנִי מֵרֶשֶׁת זוּ טָמְנוּ לִי”; verbal hostilities become “nets;” 31:22 “בְּעִיר מָצוֹר” introduces siege imagery. - Spatial reversal: - Ps 7:6 “וְיִרְמֹס לָאָרֶץ חַיָּי … לֶעָפָר יַשְׁכֵּן” - Ps 31:9 “הֶעֱמַדְתָּ בַמֶּרְחָב רַגְלָי” Being pressed to the dust vs. being set in a broad place—this sounds like the rescue Ps 7 prays for being realized in Ps 31. F) Structural/formal continuity (moderate) - Both are individual laments with the same macro‑moves: invocation/trust → complaint → petition → enemies cursed/silenced → vow/praise. - Psalm 7 ends with a vow of praise: 7:18 “אוֹדֶה יְהוָה … וַאֲזַמְּרָה שֵׁם־יְהוָה” - Psalm 31 contains the fulfillment and widens it into testimony and exhortation: - 31:22 “בָּרוּךְ יְהוָה כִּי הִפְלִיא חַסְדּוֹ לִי” - 31:24–25 direct exhortation to the community: “אֶהֱבוּ אֶת־יְהוָה כָּל־חֲסִידָיו … חִזְקוּ וְיַאֲמֵץ לְבַבְכֶם” That is a classic “vow → fulfillment/testimony” sequence. G) Public/cosmic staging of vindication (moderate) - Ps 7:8 “וַעֲדַת לְאֻמִּים תְּסוֹבְבֶךָּ; וְעָלֶיהָ לַמָּרוֹם שׁוּבָה” evokes a public/cosmic court scene. - Ps 31:20 “פָּעַלְתָּ … נֶגֶד בְּנֵי אָדָם” depicts visible vindication “before human beings,” and 31:21 “תַּסְתִּירֵם בְּסֵתֶר פָּנֶיךָ … בְּסֻכָּה מֵרִיב לְשׁוֹנוֹת” Both position YHWH’s action in public view with protective-courtroom overtones. H) Imperative stacks and stylistic fingerprints (moderate) - Both open their main plea sections with rapid-fire imperatives to YHWH: - Ps 7:7 “קוּמָה… הִנָּשֵׂא… וְעוּרָה…” - Ps 31:3 “הַטֵּה… מְהֵרָה הַצִּילֵנִי… הֱיֵה לִי…” The rhetoric and pacing are similar. I) Divine epithets tied to moral order (moderate) - Ps 7:10–12 “אֱלֹהִים צַדִּיק … שׁוֹפֵט צַדִּיק וְאֵל זֹעֵם בְּכָל־יוֹם” - Ps 31:6 “יְהוָה אֵל אֱמֶת”; 31:19 “הַדֹּבְרוֹת עַל־צַדִּיק” Different epithets (צדק vs אמת) but the same idea: the moral fabric (truth/righteousness) grounds God’s intervention for the צדיק. J) A plausible life‑sequence in a Davidic setting (ancient Israelite social history; moderate) - Psalm 7’s superscription ties the conflict to a Benjaminite (Saul’s tribe), and the psalm reads like a formal self‑imprecation/oath of innocence before the divine judge (e.g., 7:4–6 “if I have done this… let the enemy pursue…”). - Psalm 31 develops what often follows in the same world: slander in court and street (דִּבַּת רַבִּים; שִׂפְתֵי שֶׁקֶר), coordinated plotting (31:14 “בְּהִוָּסְדָם יַחַד עָלַי”), and even siege conditions (31:22 “בְּעִיר מָצוֹר”). The movement from being hunted (Ps 7:2 “מִכָּל־רֹדְפַי”) to being hemmed in and maligned fits the historical pattern of David’s conflict with Saul’s regime. - Editorially, Shiggaion (Ps 7) suggests a spontaneous, crisis‑driven composition; “לַמְנַצֵּחַ מִזְמוֹר” (Ps 31) signals liturgical standardization—just what you would expect if Psalm 31 is a later, publicized prayer that reflects on and universalizes the earlier crisis. K) Additional smaller ties (lighter weight but cumulative) - “Name” motif: - Ps 7:18 “אָזַמְּרָה שֵׁם־יְהוָה” - Ps 31:4 “וּלְמַעַן שִׁמְךָ תַּנְחֵנִי וּתְנַהֲלֵנִי” - “Heart” motif: - Ps 7:10 “בֹּחֵן לִבּוֹת וּכְלָיוֹת … מוֹשִׁיעַ יִשְׁרֵי־לֵב” - Ps 31:25 “וְיַאֲמֵץ לְבַבְכֶם”—YHWH strengthens the heart of those hoping in him. - Death/silence imagery: - Ps 7:6 “לֶעָפָר יַשְׁכֵּן” - Ps 31:18 “יִדְּמוּ לִשְׁאוֹל”—let the wicked be silent to Sheol Both invoke the realm of death as the terminus for the wicked. Putting it together as a logical sequence - Psalm 7 is a courtroom‑shaped plea arising “because of words” (slander), where the speaker asserts innocence, calls the divine judge to rise, and vows praise once vindicated. - Psalm 31 re‑uses the exact trust cry and deliverance verbs of Psalm 7, but now the crisis has broadened: the “words” have become public slander, plotting, and even siege. The psalmist leans not on personal righteousness (“כְצִדְקִי”) but on God’s righteousness (“בְּצִדְקָתְךָ”), entrusts himself into God’s hand, experiences rescue (“הֶעֱמַדְתָּ בַמֶּרְחָב רַגְלָי”), and turns the vow of praise into a public beatitude and exhortation for all who hope in YHWH (31:24–25). - Stylistically, lexically, and theologically, Psalm 31 reads like the elaboration and fulfillment of Psalm 7’s initial appeal—so that it “logically follows on” from Psalm 7 both as narrative of deliverance and as editorial/liturgical development.
Evaluation
Score: 6.5
Evaluated at: 2025-11-24T03:40:55 (UTC)
Evaluator model: gpt-5
Evaluator version: v2
Reasoning: 4480 Output: 8501 Total: 12981
Checklist
- Has verse refs: Yes
- Factual error detected: No
- Only generic motifs: No
- Counterargument considered: No
- LXX/MT numbering acknowledged: No
Vocabulary specificity: 3.5 / 10
Accurate, multiple, verse‑anchored links (בך חסיתי; הושיע/הציל; ‘words’ dossier; hands motif) plus progression. But most lexemes are common across laments; Ps 31’s formula is shared with Ps 71, weakening uniqueness.
Prompt
Consider Psalm 7 and Psalm 31 (reproduced below). What arguments could you make to justify that Psalm 31 logically follows on from Psalm 7? Consider stylistic similarities, similarities of form, similarities of vocab or ideas, shared roots (if you're doing the search in Hebrew), connections to sequences of events common in ancient Israelite life, mythology or history shared by the two psalms.
Rarer words are more significant than commoner words. Identical forms are more significant than similar forms. The same word class is more significant than different word classes formed from the same root. Identical roots are more significant than suppletive roots.
Psalm 7:
Psalm 7
1. שִׁגָּי֗וֹן
לְדָ֫וִ֥ד
אֲשֶׁר־
שָׁ֥ר
לַיהוָ֑ה
עַל־
דִּבְרֵי־
כ֝֗וּשׁ
בֶּן־
יְמִינִֽי׃
2. יְהוָ֣ה
אֱ֭לֹהַי
בְּךָ֣
חָסִ֑יתִי
הוֹשִׁיעֵ֥נִי
מִכָּל־
רֹ֝דְפַ֗י
וְהַצִּילֵֽנִי׃
3. פֶּן־
יִטְרֹ֣ף
כְּאַרְיֵ֣ה
נַפְשִׁ֑י
פֹּ֝רֵ֗ק
וְאֵ֣ין
מַצִּֽיל׃
4. יְהוָ֣ה
אֱ֭לֹהַי
אִם־
עָשִׂ֣יתִי
זֹ֑את
אִֽם־
יֶשׁ־
עָ֥וֶל
בְּכַפָּֽי׃
5. אִם־
גָּ֭מַלְתִּי
שֽׁוֹלְמִ֥י
רָ֑ע
וָאֲחַלְּצָ֖ה
צוֹרְרִ֣י
רֵיקָֽם׃
6. יִֽרַדֹּ֥ף
אוֹיֵ֨ב ׀
נַפְשִׁ֡י
וְיַשֵּׂ֗ג
וְיִרְמֹ֣ס
לָאָ֣רֶץ
חַיָּ֑י
וּכְבוֹדִ֓י ׀
לֶעָפָ֖ר
יַשְׁכֵּ֣ן
סֶֽלָה׃
7. ק֘וּמָ֤ה
יְהוָ֨ה ׀
בְּאַפֶּ֗ךָ
הִ֭נָּשֵׂא
בְּעַבְר֣וֹת
צוֹרְרָ֑י
וְע֥וּרָה
אֵ֝לַ֗י
מִשְׁפָּ֥ט
צִוִּֽיתָ׃
8. וַעֲדַ֣ת
לְ֭אֻמִּים
תְּסוֹבְבֶ֑ךָּ
וְ֝עָלֶ֗יהָ
לַמָּר֥וֹם
שֽׁוּבָה׃
9. יְהוָה֮
יָדִ֢ין
עַ֫מִּ֥ים
שָׁפְטֵ֥נִי
יְהוָ֑ה
כְּצִדְקִ֖י
וּכְתֻמִּ֣י
עָלָֽי׃
10. יִגְמָר־
נָ֬א
רַ֨ע ׀
רְשָׁעִים֮
וּתְכוֹנֵ֢ן
צַ֫דִּ֥יק
וּבֹחֵ֣ן
לִ֭בּ֗וֹת
וּכְלָי֗וֹת
אֱלֹהִ֥ים
צַדִּֽיק׃
11. מָֽגִנִּ֥י
עַל־
אֱלֹהִ֑ים
מ֝וֹשִׁ֗יעַ
יִשְׁרֵי־
לֵֽב׃
12. אֱ֭לֹהִים
שׁוֹפֵ֣ט
צַדִּ֑יק
וְ֝אֵ֗ל
זֹעֵ֥ם
בְּכָל־
יֽוֹם׃
13. אִם־
לֹ֣א
יָ֭שׁוּב
חַרְבּ֣וֹ
יִלְט֑וֹשׁ
קַשְׁתּ֥וֹ
דָ֝רַ֗ךְ
וַֽיְכוֹנְנֶֽהָ׃
14. וְ֭לוֹ
הֵכִ֣ין
כְּלֵי־
מָ֑וֶת
חִ֝צָּ֗יו
לְֽדֹלְקִ֥ים
יִפְעָֽל׃
15. הִנֵּ֥ה
יְחַבֶּל־
אָ֑וֶן
וְהָרָ֥ה
עָ֝מָ֗ל
וְיָ֣לַד
שָֽׁקֶר׃
16. בּ֣וֹר
כָּ֭רָֽה
וַֽיַּחְפְּרֵ֑הוּ
וַ֝יִּפֹּ֗ל
בְּשַׁ֣חַת
יִפְעָֽל׃
17. יָשׁ֣וּב
עֲמָל֣וֹ
בְרֹאשׁ֑וֹ
וְעַ֥ל
קָ֝דְקֳד֗וֹ
חֲמָס֥וֹ
יֵרֵֽד׃
18. אוֹדֶ֣ה
יְהוָ֣ה
כְּצִדְק֑וֹ
וַ֝אֲזַמְּרָ֗ה
שֵֽׁם־
יְהוָ֥ה
עֶלְיֽוֹן׃
Psalm 31:
Psalm 31
1. לַמְנַצֵּ֗חַ
מִזְמ֥וֹר
לְדָוִֽד׃
2. בְּךָֽ־t
יְהוָ֣ה
חָ֭סִיתִי
אַל־
אֵב֣וֹשָׁה
לְעוֹלָ֑ם
בְּצִדְקָתְךָ֥
פַלְּטֵֽנִי׃
3. הַטֵּ֤ה
אֵלַ֨י ׀
אָזְנְךָ֮
מְהֵרָ֢ה
הַצִּ֫ילֵ֥נִי
הֱיֵ֤ה
לִ֨י ׀
לְֽצוּר־
מָ֭עוֹז
לְבֵ֥ית
מְצוּד֗וֹת
לְהוֹשִׁיעֵֽנִי׃
4. כִּֽי־
סַלְעִ֣י
וּמְצוּדָתִ֣י
אָ֑תָּה
וּלְמַ֥עַן
שִׁ֝מְךָ֗
תַּֽנְחֵ֥נִי
וּֽתְנַהֲלֵֽנִי׃
5. תּוֹצִיאֵ֗נִי
מֵרֶ֣שֶׁת
ז֭וּ
טָ֣מְנוּ
לִ֑י
כִּֽי־
אַ֝תָּה
מָֽעוּזִּי׃
6. בְּיָדְךָ֮
אַפְקִ֢יד
ר֫וּחִ֥י
פָּדִ֖יתָה
אוֹתִ֥י
יְהוָ֗ה
אֵ֣ל
אֱמֶֽת׃
7. שָׂנֵ֗אתִי
הַשֹּׁמְרִ֥ים
הַבְלֵי־
שָׁ֑וא
וַ֝אֲנִ֗י
אֶל־
יְהוָ֥ה
בָּטָֽחְתִּי׃
8. אָגִ֥ילָה
וְאֶשְׂמְחָ֗ה
בְּחַ֫סְדֶּ֥ךָ
אֲשֶׁ֣ר
רָ֭אִיתָ
אֶת־
עָנְיִ֑י
יָ֝דַ֗עְתָּ
בְּצָר֥וֹת
נַפְשִֽׁי׃
9. וְלֹ֣א
הִ֭סְגַּרְתַּנִי
בְּיַד־
אוֹיֵ֑ב
הֶֽעֱמַ֖דְתָּ
בַמֶּרְחָ֣ב
רַגְלָֽי׃
10. חָנֵּ֥נִי
יְהוָה֮
כִּ֤י
צַ֫ר־
לִ֥י
עָשְׁשָׁ֖ה
בְכַ֥עַס
עֵינִ֗י
נַפְשִׁ֥י
וּבִטְנִֽי׃
11. כִּ֤י
כָל֪וּ
בְיָג֡וֹן
חַיַּי֮
וּשְׁנוֹתַ֢י
בַּאֲנָ֫חָ֥ה
כָּשַׁ֣ל
בַּעֲוֺנִ֣י
כֹחִ֑י
וַעֲצָמַ֥י
עָשֵֽׁשׁוּ׃
12. מִכָּל־
צֹרְרַ֨י
הָיִ֪יתִי
חֶרְפָּ֡ה
וְלִשֲׁכֵנַ֨י ׀
מְאֹד֮
וּפַ֢חַד
לִֽמְיֻדָּ֫עָ֥י
רֹאַ֥י
בַּח֑וּץ
נָדְד֥וּ
מִמֶּֽנִּי׃
13. נִ֭שְׁכַּחְתִּי
כְּמֵ֣ת
מִלֵּ֑ב
הָ֝יִ֗יתִי
כִּכְלִ֥י
אֹבֵֽד׃
14. כִּ֤י
שָׁמַ֨עְתִּי ׀
דִּבַּ֥ת
רַבִּים֮
מָג֢וֹר
מִסָּ֫בִ֥יב
בְּהִוָּסְדָ֣ם
יַ֣חַד
עָלַ֑י
לָקַ֖חַת
נַפְשִׁ֣י
זָמָֽמוּ׃
15. וַאֲנִ֤י ׀
עָלֶ֣יךָ
בָטַ֣חְתִּי
יְהוָ֑ה
אָ֝מַ֗רְתִּי
אֱלֹהַ֥י
אָֽתָּה׃
16. בְּיָדְךָ֥
עִתֹּתָ֑י
הַצִּ֘ילֵ֤נִי
מִיַּד־
א֝וֹיְבַ֗י
וּמֵרֹדְפָֽי׃
17. הָאִ֣ירָה
פָ֭נֶיךָ
עַל־
עַבְדֶּ֑ךָ
ה֖וֹשִׁיעֵ֣נִי
בְחַסְדֶּֽךָ׃
18. יְֽהוָ֗ה
אַל־
אֵ֭בוֹשָׁה
כִּ֣י
קְרָאתִ֑יךָ
יֵבֹ֥שׁוּ
רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים
יִדְּמ֥וּ
לִשְׁאֽוֹל׃
19. תֵּ֥אָלַ֗מְנָה
שִׂפְתֵ֫י
שָׁ֥קֶר
הַדֹּבְר֖וֹת
עַל־
צַדִּ֥יק
עָתָ֗ק
בְּגַאֲוָ֥ה
וָבtוּז׃
20. מָ֤ה
רַֽב־
טוּבְךָ֮
אֲשֶׁר־
צָפַ֢נְתָּ
לִּֽירֵ֫אֶ֥יךָ
פָּ֭עַלְתָּ
לַחֹסִ֣ים
בָּ֑ךְ
נֶ֝֗גֶד
בְּנֵ֣י
אָדָם׃
21. תַּסְתִּירֵ֤ם ׀
בְּסֵ֥תֶר
פָּנֶיךָ֮
מֵֽרֻכְסֵ֫י
אִ֥ישׁ
תִּצְפְּנֵ֥ם
בְּסֻכָּ֗ה
מֵרִ֥יב
לְשֹׁנֽוֹת׃
22. בָּר֥וּךְ
יְהוָ֑ה
כִּ֥י
הִפְלִ֘יא
חַסְדּ֥וֹ
לִ֝֗י
בְּעִ֣יר
מָצֽוֹר׃
23. וַאֲנִ֤י ׀
אָ֘מַ֤רְתִּי
בְחָפְזִ֗י
נִגְרַזְתִּי֮
מִנֶּ֢גֶד
עֵ֫ינֶ֥יךָ
אָכֵ֗ן
שָׁ֭מַעְתָּ
ק֥וֹל
תַּחֲנוּנַ֗י
בְּשַׁוְּעִ֥י
אֵלֶֽיךָ׃
24. אֶֽהֱב֥וּ
אֶת־
יְהוָ֗ה
כָּֽל־
חֲסִ֫ידָ֥יו
אֱ֭מוּנִים
נֹצֵ֣ר
יְהוָ֑ה
וּמְשַׁלֵּ֥ם
עַל־
יֶ֝֗תֶר
עֹשֵׂ֥ה
גַאֲוָֽה׃
25. חִ֭זְקוּ
וְיַאֲמֵ֣ץ
לְבַבְכֶ֑ם
כָּל־
הַ֝מְיַחֲלִ֗ים
לַיהוָֽה׃