Psalm 10 → 44

Argument generated 2025-12-08T03:05:08
Argument model gpt-5
Pair ID 1384

Reasoning: 10880 Output: 7028 Total: 17908

Argument

Below are ways to argue that Psalm 44 logically follows Psalm 10, ordered roughly from stronger (rarer/identical) to broader (thematic/structural) ties.

High‑value lexical and form echoes (identical forms or the same rare root)
- The “arise” imperative appears identically in both: קוּמָה (Ps 10:12; Ps 44:27). In both psalms it is the climactic petition that God act now.
- The plea “do not forget” uses the same verb form addressed to God: תִּשְׁכַּח (2ms yiqtol) in Ps 10:12 “אַל־תִּשְׁכַּח עֲנָוִים” and in Ps 44:25 “תִּשְׁכַּח עָנְיֵנוּ וְלַחֲצֵנוּ.” Same form, same addressee, same semantic field (affliction of the humble).
- The adverb לָנֶצַח recurs in parallel complaint frames: Ps 10:11 “בַּל־רָאָה לָנֶצַח” and Ps 44:24 “אַל־תִּזְנַח לָנֶצַח.” This creates a tight rhetorical echo around divine inaction “forever.”
- Hide-face collocation with סתר + פנים: Ps 10:11 “הִסְתִּיר פָּנָיו” vs Ps 44:25 “לָמָּה־פָנֶיךָ תַסְתִּיר.” Same lexemes (סתר, פנים), different person—wicked man’s taunt in Ps 10 becomes the community’s lament in Ps 44.
- Shared rare/root cluster for “crushed”: Ps 10:18 דַּךְ (“the crushed/lowly”) and Ps 44:20 דִּכִּיתָנוּ (“you crushed us”) from דכה. The root is relatively marked in Psalms; its recurrence links the afflicted in Ps 10 to the community in Ps 44.
- Matching “ear/hearing” lexemes bind the two prayers: Ps 10:17 “תַּקְשִׁיב אָזְנֶךָ” and “שָׁמַעְתָּ,” Ps 44:2 “בְאָזְנֵינוּ שָׁמָעְנוּ.” The movement is from God’s ear to our ears—God hears the humble (Ps 10), and we have heard of God’s past deeds (Ps 44).
- Kingship vocabulary recurs tightly: Ps 10:16 “יְהוָה מֶלֶךְ עוֹלָם וָעֶד” and Ps 44:5 “אַתָּה־הוּא מַלְכִּי אֱלֹהִים.” Both pivot from kingship confession to a plea for intervention; Ps 44 reads like a communal expansion of Ps 10:16.
- Hand/arm motif with the same nouns: Ps 10:12 “נְשָׂא יָדֶךָ,” Ps 10:15 “שְׁבֹר זְרוֹעַ רָשָׁע,” matched by Ps 44:4 “יְמִינְךָ וּזְרוֹעֲךָ” and “יָדְךָ גּוֹיִם הוֹרַשְׁתָּ.” Ps 10 asks God to break the oppressor’s arm; Ps 44 recalls God’s saving arm/hand in history—an intentional counterpoint.
- Nations motif with the same noun גּוֹיִם: Ps 10:16 “אָבְדוּ גוֹיִם מֵאַרְצוֹ,” Ps 44:3–4,12,15 “גּוֹיִם הוֹרַשְׁתָּ … וּבַגּוֹיִם זֵרִיתָנוּ … מָשָׁל בַּגּוֹיִם.” Ps 44 explicitly re-reads Ps 10’s confidence (“nations perished from his land”) against a painful present (we are scattered among the nations).
- Shared “adversary” lexeme from the צר/צורר family: Ps 10:5 “כָּל־צֹרְרָיו,” and Ps 44:6,8 “צָרֵינוּ … מִצָּרֵינוּ.” This keeps the same enemy field across both prayers.
- הלל “praise” roots appear in pointedly different directions: Ps 10:3 “הִלֵּל רָשָׁע עַל־תַּאֲוַת נַפְשׁוֹ” (misdirected praise of the wicked), vs Ps 44:9 “בֵּאלֹהִים הִלַּלְנוּ כָּל־הַיּוֹם” (rightly directed praise of God). Psalm 44 “corrects” the mispraise in Psalm 10.
- Repeated לב “heart” semantics: Ps 10:6,11,13 “אָמַר בְּלִבּוֹ” (three times), countered by Ps 44:19 “לֹא־נָסוֹג אָחוֹר לִבֵּנוּ” and Ps 44:22 “יוֹדֵעַ תַּעֲלֻמוֹת לֵב.” The inner speech of the wicked in Ps 10 is set against God’s searching of hearts in Ps 44.
- Ps 10’s “לא תִדְרֹשׁ” (10:13: “You will not require/inquire,” said by the wicked) is virtually answered by Ps 44:22 “הֲלֹא אֱלֹהִים יַחְקָר־זֹאת … יוֹדֵעַ תַּעֲלֻמוֹת לֵב.” Different verb (חקר vs דרש) but the same judicial idea “God will investigate”—an intentional rebuttal.

Rhetorical and structural continuities
- Both are laments that move from complaint about divine distance to imperatives for action. Ps 10 opens “לָמָה … תַּעֲמֹד בְּרָחוֹק … תַּעְלִים לְעִתּוֹת בַּצָּרָה” and climaxes in “קֻמָה … נְשָׂא יָדֶךָ.” Ps 44 mirrors this with “לָמָּה … תִּישַׁן … אַל־תִּזְנַח לָנֶצַח … לָמָּה־פָנֶיךָ תַסְתִּיר” and ends “קוּמָה … וּפְדֵנוּ.”
- The face motif is structurally developed: in Ps 10 the wicked sneers “He has hidden his face” (10:11); Ps 44 remembers the former “light of your face” (44:4) and then pleads, “Why do you hide your face?” (44:25).
- Time-intensifiers parallel the urgency: Ps 10:5 “בְכָל־עֵת,” Ps 44 thrice “כָּל־הַיּוֹם” (vv. 9, 16, 23). Both underline unrelenting distress and continuous prayer.
- The individual vs communal scaling: Ps 10 is largely an individual lament on social predation (ambushes, exploitation of the עָנִי/דַּךְ/יָתוֹם). Ps 44 “follows” by nationalizing that plight into military defeat, dispersion, and public disgrace—what happens when Ps 10’s unchecked wickedness metastasizes into geopolitical disaster.
- Forensic progression: Ps 10 asks God to “seek out” the wicked’s evil until none is left (10:15, תִּדְרוֹשׁ … בַּל־תִּמְצָא). Ps 44 asserts covenantal innocence (44:18–22) and appeals to God’s omniscience of the heart. It reads like the communal deposition that follows the individual indictment in Ps 10.

Shared images and narrative logic
- Prey imagery: Ps 10’s poor are hunted by an ambushing lion (10:8–10); Ps 44’s congregation is “sheep for food/slaughter” (44:12, 23). The same victimhood field, expanded from personal to corporate.
- Exodus/conquest memory in Ps 44 (44:3–5: “יְמִינְךָ … זְרוֹעֲךָ … אוֹר פָּנֶיךָ”) provides the historical template for what Ps 10 asks God to do again—unmask, judge, and overthrow predatory “nations.” Ps 44’s appeal presumes Ps 10’s kingship proclamation (10:16) and asks for its historical re-enactment.
- Earth/dust reversal: Ps 10 hopes “בַּל־יוֹסִיף עוֹד לַעֲרֹץ אֱנוֹשׁ מִן־הָאָרֶץ” (10:18). Ps 44 shows the opposite reality—“דָּבְקָה לָאָרֶץ בִּטְנֵנוּ … שָׁחָה לֶעָפָר נַפְשֵׁנוּ” (44:26). Psalm 44 thus “answers” Psalm 10 by saying: the hoped-for end of human terror has not yet materialized; we are prostrate on the very earth from which terror was to be removed.
- Enemies and nations: Ps 10 ends with “אָבְדוּ גוֹיִם מֵאַרְצוֹ;” Ps 44 laments “וּבַגּוֹיִם זֵרִיתָנוּ … תְּשִׂימֵנוּ מָשָׁל בַּגּוֹיִם.” The juxtaposition makes Psalm 44 a realistic, communal rejoinder to Psalm 10’s confidence.

A plausible life-setting sequence
- Social breakdown (banditry, judicial cynicism, exploitation of the poor) such as Ps 10 describes often precedes national humiliation. Psalm 44 reads naturally as the later communal fast-day liturgy after a defeat or exile, picking up Ps 10’s language (arise; do not forget; hide face; crushed poor) and amplifying it at the national scale (scattering, reproach, slaughter).
- Liturgically, an individual’s lament (Ps 10) could be followed by a communal maskil (Ps 44) that rehearses ancestral salvation, protests loyalty, and renews the same petitions (“Arise,” “do not forget,” “show your arm/hand”).

Bottom line
- There is an unusually dense cluster of shared lexemes, identical forms, and marked motifs—למה, תִּשְׁכַּח (2ms), לָנֶצַח, קוּמָה; סתר + פנים; דכ/דך; לב/בלבו ∥ תַעֲלֻמוֹת לֵב; יד/זרוע; גוים; צר/צורר; הלל—that allows Psalm 44 to be read as an intentional, communal follow‑on to Psalm 10: it takes Ps 10’s complaint about hidden justice, transforms it into a national lament grounded in ancestral memory, and repeats the same climactic imperatives to God to arise and act.

Evaluation

Score: 7.5

Evaluated at: 2025-12-09T03:49:45 (UTC)

Evaluator model: gpt-5

Evaluator version: v2

Reasoning: 3264 Output: 7871 Total: 11135

Checklist

  • Has verse refs: Yes
  • Factual error detected: No
  • Only generic motifs: No
  • Counterargument considered: No
  • LXX/MT numbering acknowledged: No

Vocabulary specificity: 4.5 / 10

Numerous, correct verse-anchored echoes (קומה; תִּשְׁכַּח; לָנֶצַח; סתר פנים; יד/זרוע; מלך; גויים) with coherent individual→communal progression. However, much vocabulary is common lament stock; no superscriptional/structural signal.

Prompt

Consider Psalm 10 and Psalm 44 (reproduced below). What arguments could you make to justify that Psalm 44 logically follows on from Psalm 10? Consider stylistic similarities, similarities of form, similarities of vocab or ideas, shared roots (if you're doing the search in Hebrew), connections to sequences of events common in ancient Israelite life, mythology or history shared by the two psalms.

Rarer words are more significant than commoner words. Identical forms are more significant than similar forms. The same word class is more significant than different word classes formed from the same root. Identical roots are more significant than suppletive roots.

Psalm 10:
Psalm 10
1. לָמָ֣ה
        יְ֭הוָה
        תַּעֲמֹ֣ד
        בְּרָח֑וֹק
        תַּ֝עְלִ֗ים
        לְעִתּ֥וֹת
        בַּצָּרָֽה׃
2. בְּגַאֲוַ֣ת
        רָ֭שָׁע
        יִדְלַ֣ק
        עָנִ֑י
        יִתָּפְשׂ֓וּ ׀
        בִּמְזִמּ֖וֹת
        ז֣וּ
        חָשָֽׁבוּ׃
3. כִּֽי־
        הִלֵּ֣ל
        רָ֭שָׁע
        עַל־
        תַּאֲוַ֣ת
        נַפְשׁ֑וֹ
        וּבֹצֵ֥עַ
        בֵּ֝רֵ֗ךְ
        נִ֘אֵ֥ץ ׀
        יְהוָֽה׃
4. רָשָׁ֗ע
        כְּגֹ֣בַהּ
        אַ֭פּוֹ
        בַּל־
        יִדְרֹ֑שׁ
        אֵ֥ין
        אֱ֝לֹהִ֗ים
        כָּל־
        מְזִמּוֹתָֽיו׃
5. יָ֘חִ֤ילוּ
        דרכו
        דְרָכָ֨יו ׀
        בְּכָל־
        עֵ֗ת
        מָר֣וֹם
        מִ֭שְׁפָּטֶיךָ
        מִנֶּגְדּ֑וֹ
        כָּל־
        צ֝וֹרְרָ֗יו
        יָפִ֥יחַ
        בָּהֶֽם׃
6. אָמַ֣ר
        בְּ֭לִבּוֹ
        בַּל־
        אֶמּ֑וֹט
        לְדֹ֥ר
        וָ֝דֹ֗ר
        אֲשֶׁ֣ר
        לֹֽא־
        בְרָֽע׃
7. אָלָ֤ה ׀
        פִּ֣יהוּ
        מָ֭לֵא
        וּמִרְמ֣וֹת
        וָתֹ֑ךְ
        תַּ֥חַת
        לְ֝שׁוֹנ֗וֹ
        עָמָ֥ל
        וָאָֽוֶן׃
8. יֵשֵׁ֤ב ׀
        בְּמַאְרַ֬ב
        חֲצֵרִ֗ים
        בַּֽ֭מִּסְתָּרִים
        יַהֲרֹ֣ג
        נָקִ֑י
        עֵ֝ינָ֗יו
        לְֽחֵלְכָ֥ה
        יִצְפֹּֽנוּ׃
9. יֶאֱרֹ֬ב
        בַּמִּסְתָּ֨ר ׀
        כְּאַרְיֵ֬ה
        בְסֻכֹּ֗ה
        יֶ֭אֱרֹב
        לַחֲט֣וֹף
        עָנִ֑י
        יַחְטֹ֥ף
        עָ֝נִ֗י
        בְּמָשְׁכ֥וֹ
        בְרִשְׁתּֽוֹ׃
10. ודכה
        יִדְכֶּ֥ה
        יָשֹׁ֑חַ
        וְנָפַ֥ל
        בַּ֝עֲצוּמָּ֗יו
        חלכאים
        חֵ֣יל
        כָּאִֽים׃
11. אָמַ֣ר
        בְּ֭לִבּוֹ
        שָׁ֣כַֽח
        אֵ֑ל
        הִסְתִּ֥יר
        פָּ֝נָ֗יו
        בַּל־
        רָאָ֥ה
        לָנֶֽצַח׃
12. קוּמָ֤ה
        יְהוָ֗ה
        אֵ֭ל
        נְשָׂ֣א
        יָדֶ֑ךָ
        אַל־
        תִּשְׁכַּ֥ח
        עניים
        עֲנָוִֽים׃
13. עַל־
        מֶ֤ה ׀
        נִאֵ֖ץ
        רָשָׁ֥ע ׀
        אֱלֹהִ֑ים
        אָמַ֥ר
        בְּ֝לִבּ֗וֹ
        לֹ֣א
        תִדְרֹֽשׁ׃
14. רָאִ֡תָה
        כִּֽי־
        אַתָּ֤ה ׀
        עָ֘מָ֤ל
        וָכַ֨עַס ׀
        תַּבִּיט֮
        לָתֵ֢ת
        בְּיָ֫דֶ֥ךָ
        עָ֭לֶיךָ
        יַעֲזֹ֣ב
        חֵלֶ֑כָה
        יָ֝ת֗וֹם
        אַתָּ֤ה ׀
        הָיִ֬יתָ
        עוֹזֵֽר׃
15. שְׁ֭בֹר
        זְר֣וֹעַ
        רָשָׁ֑ע
        וָ֝רָ֗ע
        תִּֽדְרוֹשׁ־
        רִשְׁע֥וֹ
        בַל־
        תִּמְצָֽא׃
16. יְהוָ֣ה
        מֶ֭לֶךְ
        עוֹלָ֣ם
        וָעֶ֑ד
        אָבְד֥וּ
        ג֝וֹיִ֗ם
        מֵֽאַרְצֽוֹ׃
17. תַּאֲוַ֬ת
        עֲנָוִ֣ים
        שָׁמַ֣עְתָּ
        יְהוָ֑ה
        תָּכִ֥ין
        לִ֝בָּ֗ם
        תַּקְשִׁ֥יב
        אָזְנֶֽךָ׃
18. לִשְׁפֹּ֥ט
        יָת֗וֹם
        וָ֫דָ֥ךְ
        בַּל־
        יוֹסִ֥יף
        ע֑וֹד
        לַעֲרֹ֥ץ
        אֱ֝נ֗וֹשׁ
        מִן־
        הָאָֽרֶץ׃

Psalm 44:
Psalm 44
1. לַמְנַצֵּ֬חַ
        לִבְנֵי־
        קֹ֬רַח
        מַשְׂכִּֽיל׃
2. אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀
        בְּאָזְנֵ֬ינוּ
        שָׁמַ֗עְנוּ
        אֲבוֹתֵ֥ינוּ
        סִפְּרוּ־
        לָ֑נוּ
        פֹּ֥עַל
        פָּעַ֥לְתָּ
        בִֽ֝ימֵיהֶ֗ם
        בִּ֣ימֵי
        קֶֽדֶם׃
3. אַתָּ֤ה ׀
        יָדְךָ֡
        גּוֹיִ֣ם
        ה֭וֹרַשְׁתָּ
        וַתִּטָּעֵ֑ם
        תָּרַ֥ע
        לְ֝אֻמִּ֗ים
        וַֽתְּשַׁלְּחֵֽם׃
4. כִּ֤י
        לֹ֤א
        בְחַרְבָּ֡ם
        יָ֥רְשׁוּ
        אָ֗רֶץ
        וּזְרוֹעָם֮
        לֹא־
        הוֹשִׁ֢יעָ֫ה
        לָּ֥מוֹ
        כִּֽי־
        יְמִֽינְךָ֣
        וּ֭זְרוֹעֲךָ
        וְא֥וֹר
        פָּנֶ֗יךָ
        כִּ֣י
        רְצִיתָֽם׃
5. אַתָּה־
        ה֣וּא
        מַלְכִּ֣י
        אֱלֹהִ֑ים
        צַ֝וֵּ֗ה
        יְשׁוּע֥וֹת
        יַעֲקֹֽב׃
6. בְּ֭ךָ
        צָרֵ֣ינוּ
        נְנַגֵּ֑חַ
        בְּ֝שִׁמְךָ֗
        נָב֥וּס
        קָמֵֽינוּ׃
7. כִּ֤י
        לֹ֣א
        בְקַשְׁתִּ֣י
        אֶבְטָ֑ח
        וְ֝חַרְבִּ֗י
        לֹ֣א
        תוֹשִׁיעֵֽנִי׃
8. כִּ֣י
        ה֭וֹשַׁעְתָּנוּ
        מִצָּרֵ֑ינוּ
        וּמְשַׂנְאֵ֥ינוּ
        הֱבִישֽׁוֹתָ׃
9. בֵּֽ֭אלֹהִים
        הִלַּלְ֣נוּ
        כָל־
        הַיּ֑וֹם
        וְשִׁמְךָ֓ ׀
        לְעוֹלָ֖ם
        נוֹדֶ֣ה
        סֶֽלָה׃
10. אַף־
        זָ֭נַחְתָּ
        וַתַּכְלִימֵ֑נוּ
        וְלֹא־
        תֵ֝צֵ֗א
        בְּצִבְאוֹתֵֽינוּ׃
11. תְּשִׁיבֵ֣נוּ
        אָ֭חוֹר
        מִנִּי־
        צָ֑ר
        וּ֝מְשַׂנְאֵ֗ינוּ
        שָׁ֣סוּ
        לָֽמוֹ׃
12. תִּ֭תְּנֵנוּ
        כְּצֹ֣אן
        מַאֲכָ֑ל
        וּ֝בַגּוֹיִ֗ם
        זֵרִיתָֽנוּ׃
13. תִּמְכֹּֽר־
        עַמְּךָ֥
        בְלֹא־
        ה֑וֹן
        וְלֹ֥א־
        רִ֝בִּ֗יתָ
        בִּמְחִירֵיהֶֽם׃
14. תְּשִׂימֵ֣נוּ
        חֶ֭רְפָּה
        לִשְׁכֵנֵ֑ינוּ
        לַ֥עַג
        וָ֝קֶ֗לֶס
        לִסְבִיבוֹתֵֽינוּ׃
15. תְּשִׂימֵ֣נוּ
        מָ֭שָׁל
        בַּגּוֹיִ֑ם
        מְנֽוֹד־
        רֹ֝֗אשׁ
        בַּל־
        אֻמִּֽים׃
16. כָּל־
        הַ֭יּוֹם
        כְּלִמָּתִ֣י
        נֶגְדִּ֑י
        וּבֹ֖שֶׁת
        פָּנַ֣י
        כִּסָּֽתְנִי׃
17. מִ֭קּוֹל
        מְחָרֵ֣ף
        וּמְגַדֵּ֑ף
        מִפְּנֵ֥י
        א֝וֹיֵ֗ב
        וּמִתְנַקֵּֽם׃
18. כָּל־
        זֹ֣את
        בָּ֭אַתְנוּ
        וְלֹ֣א
        שְׁכַחֲנ֑וּךָ
        וְלֹֽא־
        שִׁ֝קַּ֗רְנוּ
        בִּבְרִיתֶֽךָ׃
19. לֹא־
        נָס֣וֹג
        אָח֣וֹר
        לִבֵּ֑נוּ
        וַתֵּ֥ט
        אֲ֝שֻׁרֵ֗ינוּ
        מִנִּ֥י
        אָרְחֶֽךָ׃
20. כִּ֣י
        דִ֭כִּיתָנוּ
        בִּמְק֣וֹם
        תַּנִּ֑ים
        וַתְּכַ֖ס
        עָלֵ֣ינוּ
        בְצַלְמָֽוֶת׃
21. אִם־
        שָׁ֭כַחְנוּ
        שֵׁ֣ם
        אֱלֹהֵ֑ינוּ
        וַנִּפְרֹ֥שׂ
        כַּ֝פֵּ֗ינוּ
        לְאֵ֣ל
        זָֽר׃
22. הֲלֹ֣א
        אֱ֭לֹהִים
        יַֽחֲקָר־
        זֹ֑את
        כִּֽי־
        ה֥וּא
        יֹ֝דֵ֗עַ
        תַּעֲלֻמ֥וֹת
        לֵֽב׃
23. כִּֽי־
        עָ֭לֶיךָ
        הֹרַ֣גְנוּ
        כָל־
        הַיּ֑וֹם
        נֶ֝חְשַׁ֗בְנוּ
        כְּצֹ֣אן
        טִבְחָֽה׃
24. ע֤וּרָה ׀
        לָ֖מָּה
        תִישַׁ֥ן ׀
        אֲדֹנָ֑י
        הָ֝קִ֗יצָה
        אַל־
        תִּזְנַ֥ח
        לָנֶֽצַח׃
25. לָֽמָּה־
        פָנֶ֥יךָ
        תַסְתִּ֑יר
        תִּשְׁכַּ֖ח
        עָנְיֵ֣נוּ
        וְֽלַחֲצֵֽנוּ׃
26. כִּ֤י
        שָׁ֣חָה
        לֶעָפָ֣ר
        נַפְשֵׁ֑נוּ
        דָּבְקָ֖ה
        לָאָ֣רֶץ
        בִּטְנֵֽנוּ׃
27. ק֭וּמָֽה
        עֶזְרָ֣תָה
        לָּ֑נוּ
        וּ֝פְדֵ֗נוּ
        לְמַ֣עַן
        חַסְדֶּֽךָ׃